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1.
Med. lab ; 26(3): 237-259, 2022. Tabs, ilus, Grafs
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1412320

ABSTRACT

La enfermedad COVID­19 es causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, descrito por primera vez en diciembre del 2019 en Wuhan, China, y declarada en marzo del 2020 como una pandemia mundial. Actualmente existen diversos métodos diagnósticos para COVID-19, siendo el estándar de oro la detección del material genético mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), en su variante, la RT-PCR, que detecta el material genético de tipo ARN presente en el virus. Sin embargo, es necesario disponer de pruebas rápidas con alta sensibilidad y precisión para realizarlas a gran escala y brindar un diagnóstico oportuno. Adicionalmente, se debe disponer de otras herramientas que, si bien no van a establecer un diagnóstico, le van a permitir al profesional brindar un mejor manejo clínico y epidemiológico que ayuden a predecir el agravamiento del paciente y su posible ingreso a UCI, destacando entre estas los niveles de dímero D, linfocitos, ferritina, urea y creatinina, entre otras. En esta revisión se evalúa la utilidad y limitaciones de los diferentes métodos diagnósticos para COVID-19, al igual que las características, fisiopatología y respuesta inmune al SARS-CoV-2, así como algunos aspectos preanalíticos de importancia que ayudan a minimizar errores en el diagnóstico como consecuencia de procedimientos incorrectos en la toma, transporte y conservación de la muestra, y que permiten al profesional emitir resultados veraces y confiables. Lo anterior se realizó basado en artículos originales, revisiones y guías clínicas


COVID­19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, first described in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and declared a global pandemic in March 2020. Currently there are various diagnostic methods for COVID-19, the gold standard is the detection of genetic material through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in its variant, RT-PCR, which detects RNA-type genetic material present in the virus. However, it is necessary to have rapid tests with high sensitivity and precision to be performed on a large scale and provide timely diagnosis. Furthermore, other tools must be available, and although they will not establish the diagnosis, will allow the professional to provide better clinical and epidemiological management that will help predict the worsening of the patient and possible admission to the ICU. Among these, levels of D-dimer, lymphocytes, ferritin, urea and creatinine. In this review, the usefulness and limitations of the different diagnostic methods for COVID-19 are evaluated, as well as the characteristics, pathophysiology and immune response to SARS-CoV-2, and some important preanalytical aspects that allow minimizing diagnostic errors as a consequence of incorrect procedures in the collection, transport and conservation of the sample, that allow the professional to yield accurate and reliable results. This article was completed based on original articles, reviews and clinical guidelines


Subject(s)
SARS-CoV-2 , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Inflammation Mediators , Containment of Biohazards , Diagnosis , Ferritins , COVID-19 , L-Lactate Dehydrogenase , Methods
2.
Rev. cuba. inform. méd ; 13(1): e442, ene.-jun. 2021. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1251728

ABSTRACT

El Sistema de Información Hospitalaria XAVIA HIS desarrollado por el Centro de Informática Médica (CESIM) está compuesto por módulos que aseguran la informatización de los procesos de las áreas de la institución hospitalaria. En la actualidad la gestión de los principales medios de diagnóstico se realiza de forma dispersa en diferentes módulos o sistemas. En este trabajo se presenta el módulo de Medios de Diagnóstico, desarrollo que permite la gestión de informes de solicitudes y resultados de forma configurable, así como la planificación de horarios y gestión de citas. Se analizó el proceso de negocio asociado a la gestión de información de medios de diagnóstico, se realizó un estudio de sistemas existentes con propósitos similares y se evaluaron tecnologías para su implementación. Se utilizó AUP-UCI como metodología de desarrollo, Java como lenguaje de programación y otras tecnologías libres y multiplataforma. El patrón arquitectónico implementado fue modelo-vista-controlador. El módulo de Medios de Diagnóstico del sistema XAVIA HIS, permite el soporte de los procesos de atención al paciente y la integración de la información sobre los medios de diagnóstico, además fomenta un aumento en la calidad del servicio. El módulo facilita la configuración de aspectos de solicitud e informe de las pruebas diagnósticas y la planificación de horarios y citas(AU)


Hospital Information System XAVIA HIS developed by the Medical Informatics Center (CESIM) is made up of modules that ensure the computerization of hospital institution areas processes. Currently, the management of the main diagnostic means is realized in a dispersed way in different modules or systems. This paper presents the Diagnostic Means module, development that allows the requests and results reports management in a configurable way, as well as the schedules planning and appointments management. The business process associated with the diagnostic means information management was analyzed, an existing systems study with similar purposes was carried out, and technologies for their implementation were evaluated. AUP-UCI were used as development methodology, Java as programming language and other free and multiplatform technologies. The architectural pattern implemented was model-view-controller. The XAVIA HIS system Diagnostic Means module, allows the patient care processes support and integration of information regarding diagnostic means, also encourages an increase in the service quality. The module facilitates the request and report aspects configuration of the diagnostic tests and the schedules and appointments planning(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Hospital Information Systems/standards , Telemedicine , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures , Electronic Health Records , Health Level Seven/standards
3.
Salud pública Méx ; 57(4): 352-357, jul.-ago. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-760500

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Comparar la concordancia entre cultivo, histología y prueba rápida de la ureasa para el diagnóstico de infección por Helicobacter pylori, así como la relación de hallazgos histopatológicos y frecuencia de positividad entre dichos procedimientos diagnósticos. Material y métodos. Estudio de pruebas diagnósticas. Población de sujetos con endoscopía digestiva y toma de muestras gástricas antrales en un hospital de especialidades en México. Se realizó prueba rápida de la ureasa (una muestra), histología (dos muestras) y cultivo (dos muestras). Análisis estadístico con coeficiente de Kappa. Resultados. Se estudiaron 108 sujetos: 28 (25.9%) hombres y 80 (74.1%) mujeres; la edad promedio fue 49.1 (DE 15.1) años. El coeficiente de Kappa fue 0.729 y 0.377 entre cultivo con histología y prueba rápida de la ureasa respectivamente; asimismo, el coeficiente de Kappa fue 0.565 entre histología y prueba rápida de la ureasa. Conclusiones. La fuerza de concordancia fue mayor entre histología con cultivo y la prueba rápida de la ureasa, por lo cual la histología es lo más recomendable en la práctica clínica para la detección de la infección por Helicobacter pylori.


Objective. Compare the strength of concordance between culture, histology, rapid urease test for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection and histopathological findings relationship and frequency of positivity among such diagnostic procedures. Materials and methods. Diagnostic test study. The study population were subjects with endoscopy and take samples of gastric antral. Rapid urease test (one sample), histology (two samples) and culture (two samples), and histopathological findings of gastric mucosa were performed. Statistical design with Student's t, Fisher exact test, Kappa coefficient. Results. We reviewed 108 subjects, 28 (25.9%) men, 80 (74.1%) women, mean age was 49.1 years (SD 15.1). The Kappa coefficient was 0.729 and 0.377 between culture with histology and rapid urease test, respectively; likewise the Kappa coefficient was 0.565 between histology and rapid urease test. Conclusions. The strength of concordance was higher between histology with culture and rapid urease test; the most recommended being histology in clinical practice for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification , Helicobacter Infections/diagnosis , Gastritis/diagnosis , Pyloric Antrum/microbiology , Bacterial Proteins/analysis , Urease/analysis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Prospective Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Helicobacter pylori/growth & development , Bacteriological Techniques , Gastroscopy , Gastric Mucosa/microbiology , Gastritis/microbiology
4.
Rev. APS ; 15(2)jun. 2012. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-676095

ABSTRACT

Este trabalho discute a relevância do ambiente na dinâmica epidemiológica das principais parasitoses intestinais no Brasil e ressalta a importância do diagnóstico no ambiente como forma complementar nos inquéritos epidemiológicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a situação de residentes em locais com deficiência no saneamento básico quanto à prevalência de helmintos intestinais. Para isso, foram realizados exames coprológicos em 33 moradores do bairro Igrejinha, Juiz de Fora (MG) e analisadas amostras de solo de suas residências (n=11) como diagnóstico complementar. Para análise do material fecal, foi utilizada técnica de centrífugo-sedimentação seguida de centrífugo-flutuação. Para análise do solo, utilizou-se centrífugo-flutuação. O exame coprológico apresentou resultado negativo em todas as amostras. Na análise do solo, entretanto, diagnosticou-se contaminação por ovos de espécimes dos gêneros Ascaris (Linnaeus, 1758) (96%), Trichuris (Roederer, 1761) (3%) e um ovo de nematóide da ordem Strongylida. Os laudos coprológicos negativos, em contraponto às análises de solo positivas, mostram que, embora os hospedeiros possam estar momentaneamente livres dos parasitos, ou com baixa intensidade média de infecção, o ambiente continua sendo fonte de contaminação permitindo reinfecção.


This paper discusses the importance of the environment in the epidemiological dynamics of the main intestinal parasitic diseases in Brazil, and emphasizes the importance of a complementary diagnosis of the environment in epidemiological surveys. The objective of this study was to assess the situation of residents of areas lacking basic sanitation about the prevalence of intestinal helminths. For this study, stool tests were performed on 33 residents of the Igrejinha district of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais State (Brazil), and soil samples from their homes (n = 11) were analyzed as a complementary diagnosis. For analysis of fecal material, the technique of centrifugal-sedimentation followed by centrifugal-flotation was used. For soil analysis, centrifugal-flotation was used. The stool tests showed negative results in all samples. The soil analysis , however, diagnosed contamination by eggs of specimens of the genus Ascaris (Linnaeus, 1758) (96%), Trichuris (Roederer, 1761) (3%), and a nematode egg of the order Strongylida. The negative stool test, in contrast to positive soil analysis, showed that while the hosts may be momentarily free of parasites, or with a low average infection intensity, the environment remains a source of contamination.


Subject(s)
Parasitic Diseases , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures , Soil Analysis , Public Health , Basic Sanitation
5.
Int. j. odontostomatol. (Print) ; 4(3): 271-276, dic. 2010. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-594265

ABSTRACT

La literatura ya ha sugerido la implicancia del uso de fuerzas ortodóncicas como productoras de daño mecánico, reacción inflamatoria periodontal, lesión periapical y reabsorción radicular. Los parámetros más comúnmente explorados en investigaciones de la respuesta tisular a fuerzas ortodónticas consisten en medir los niveles de oxígeno pulpar, la vasculatura y los cambios en la circulación sanguínea. Se ha demostrado que la irrigación pulpar disminuye tempranamente cuando se realizan aplicaciones continuas de fuerzas ortodóncicas, aun si éstas son de intensidad suave, concluyendo que la magnitud de las fuerzas no necesariamente debe ser excesiva para originar daño celular, el que eventualmente podría derivar en cuadros que van desde simples cambios de color coronario hasta obliteraciones camerales o la misma necrosis pulpar. Se presentan dos casos de pacientes tratados ortodóncicamente con extravasación hemorrágica y necrosis pulpar (canino e incisivo lateral superiores izquierdos respectivamente), con ausencia informada de traumatismo previo, y se discuten protocolos diagnósticos para la evaluación de la salud pulpar.


The literature has suggested the implication of the use of orthodontic forces as producing mechanical damage, inflammatory reactions in the periodontium, periapical injury and root resorption. More commonly explored parameters in investigations of the tissue response to orthodontic forces consist of measuring the levels of pulpal oxygen and disturbances in dental pulp circulation. It has been demonstrated that the pulpal irrigation diminishes early when continuous applications of orthodontic forces are realized, even if these are of soft intensity, concluding that the magnitude of the forces must not necessarily be excessive to originate cell damage, which eventually might derive in signs such as simple crown discoloration to progressive obliteration or pulp necrosis. Two cases of orthodontically treated subjetcs with hemorrhagic extravasation and pulp necrosis (canine and lateral incisive respectively, both left upper) with absence of previous trauma are presented and the diagnostic protocols for the evaluation of the pulpal condition are discussed.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Dental Pulp Diseases/diagnosis , Dental Pulp Diseases/etiology , Orthodontics, Corrective/adverse effects , Compressive Strength , Cuspid/injuries , Hemorrhage/etiology , Incisor/injuries , Dental Pulp Necrosis/diagnosis , Dental Pulp Necrosis/etiology , Dental Pulp/injuries , Stress, Mechanical
6.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-136386

ABSTRACT

Background: Diagnosis of fruit sensitisation by skin prick test (SPT) is fast and easy to perform. Nevertheless, some fruit is not available throughout the year. Freezing aliquots of these fresh fruits to be defrosted would be a good solution to perform SPT at any time. Objective: To compare the reproducibility of SPT with Rosaceae and Cucurbitaceae frozen fruit with fresh and commercial fruit extracts. Methods: SPT with the following fruit were performed: apricot, cherry, strawberry, nectarine, Japanese medlar, peach, (peel and pulp), yellow and red plum, melon and watermelon. We compared fresh fruit, commercial extract and fruit which had been frozen at -18°C. Results were read by planimetry (Inmunotek prick-filmTM) after 15 minutes. Results: The study group comprised 48 patients (9 males, 39 females) with a mean age of 31, 6 ± 2,0 years. Concordance of positive and negative results was extremely high and significant in all cases. Correlation between frozen fruit and commercial extract, frozen fruit and fresh and commercial extract and fresh fruit was statistically significant in all cases except for strawberry. Conclusions: The use of frozen fruit is a valid method, as the performance of the SPT is similar to that of fresh fruit. This enables diagnostic procedures with seasonal fruit at any time of the year.

7.
Rev. chil. endocrinol. diabetes ; 3(4): 301-304, oct. 2010.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-610261

ABSTRACT

El acto médico por excelencia es la atención del paciente; este es un proceso complejo, marcado por la relación entre dos personas en razón de una enfermedad que agrede a una de ellas y que la otra pretende aliviar. En este marco de peculiaridad existen directrices comunes en la relación médico paciente y que tienen que ver con la ética. Normalmente la atención se inicia con la historia o anamnesis, para seguir con el examen físico y luego con la solicitud de exámenes de laboratorio o procedimientos de diversa índole cuya finalidad es sustentar la hipótesis diagnóstica y permitir iniciar una acción terapéutica adecuada. Esta última parte, la de la ayuda tecnológica, requiere atención porque allí pueden generarse omisiones o desviaciones del recto proceder. El método de análisis se desarrolla contrastando los príncipios básicos de la ética: beneficencia, no maleficencia, justicia y autonomía con los distintos elementos envueltos en el acto de solicitar exámenes de ayuda diagnóstica. Para facilitar la reflexión, la petición de exámenes se desglosa, en: a) selección de los test; b) petición o solicitud propiamente tal; c) direccionamiento del paciente y d) análisis y comunicación de resultados. Cada uno de estas etapas requiere atención porque, muchas veces tras el automatismo con que se ejecutan se malogran algunos de estos principios éticos. Estas reflexiones pretenden hacer presente estas zonas de conflicto. La repercusión ética puede hacerse más compleja cuando el acto médico de petición de exámenes se realiza bajo el prisma de la enseñanza de la medicina.


The essential medical action is patient care. This is a complex process, in which one subject tries to relieve another, that suffers an illness. This particular relationship is governed by ethical principles. Medical care starts with history taking, followed by physical examination and the request of laboratory tests to confirm a diagnostic hypothesis and provide an appropriate treatment. When laboratory tests are requested, a series of ethical issues can arise. The basic ethical principles of avoiding harm, beneficence, non maleficence, justice and autonomy must be taken into account at the moment of requesting laboratory tests. The stages of this act can be divided in selection of the adequate test, requesting them, educating the patient and finally the analysis and communication of results. Each of these stages, if carried out automatically and without a proper discern, can violate some of the above mentioned ethical principles. The ethical repercussions can become more complex if these medical acts are done while teaching medicine.


Subject(s)
Humans , Ethics, Medical , Medical Examination/ethics , Clinical Clerkship/ethics , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures/ethics , Physician-Patient Relations/ethics
8.
Journal of the Philippine Medical Association ; : 0-2.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-962900

ABSTRACT

1. A complete clinical history and a thorough neurological examination enables us in the majority of cases to localize the anatomical neurological lesion2. However, we need aids to establish the nature of the anatomical neurological lesion before we can institute treatment3. The arteriogram, ventriculogram and myelogram are three of the most useful diagnostic neurological procedures that help us establish the nature of the neurological lesion, particularly whether it is space-occupying or not. (Summary)

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